LIT 12 Beowulf Reading Check Flashcard

LIT 12 Beowulf Reading Check

Raymond case

Does this differ between local intermediary/sellers and distribution centers? Why? For what reason do some compensation front cash and others don't? For what reason Isn't front cash paid to Independent contractual workers? NAS. The direction of a venture proficient is fundamental to fruitful money related arranging. Money related counselors assume an essential job in helping singular speculators arrive at their monetary objectives. Counsels can enable the customers to settle on educated choices by understanding the customer's objectives, suggest arrangements and ensure that the customer's portfolio remains on track.Yes, it fluctuates between provincial agents/vendors and roughhouses. Money related Advisors In Warehouses offered Investment exhortation and charged commissions on an exchange of somewhere in the range of 1% and 2. 5%, contingent upon items sold. They approach wide assortment of items to manage as they are a piece of a distribution center. Money related Advisors in provin cial representative/sellers offered little in the method for guidance and charged fundamentally lower commissions. The items and the advantages that they oversee is moderately low. Firms that enroll from other contender firms pay front cash to pull in Flanagan counselors to work for their firms.In a few cases, even unpracticed yet potential competitors also are given front cash to bait them to their firm. Be that as it may, certain organizations like Merrill Lynch like to enlist new monetary guides and train them as opposed to pay front cash which costs a great deal. Self employed entities are not paid any front cash as they are given for the most part a free charge on the advantages they oversee and the items they purchase and sell. To be sure it resembles maintaining their own business under a greater umbrella and one doesn't get paid front cash to maintain his own business. . How does RUG ensure the â€Å"right† FAST end up in RAJA versus.. ROSS? Which FAST would be the co rrect focuses for Quasi? How might you ensure that they select the Quasi alternative? Who might not be directly for Quasi? How might you ensure they don't choose Quasi? NAS. Floor covering ensured that the correct Fast end up In RAJA from Its enrollment procedure which centers around various pool of applicants when contrasted and ROSS. RAJA enrollment process happens totally In a decentralized manner with branch administrators assuming the liability for filling the positions.RAJA ordinarily enlists senior recruits from a thorough who wish to have more control as far as items and administrations they offer to customers which was impractical in their vocation spell with distribution centers. Here the attention would be on employing FAST from Warehouses as they are utilized to the principles and guidelines, deals culture. Likewise there is a money related punishment set up If a FAA wish to leave RAJA for ROSS. ROSS enrollment process follows an alternate methodology. They publicize in exchange magazines and furthermore take referrals from existing ROSS Fast about the agents at different firms and follow up on these leads for recruiting.ROSS search for FAST ho are self-propelled. Aside from the specialized examination work, they search for individuals who have a tendency towards business. They will have the alternative to cause systems, to choose staff, employing, and so forth. It is increasingly similar to an individual business. The FAST of ROSS can be given a choice to choose the Quasi alternative with no limitations as the likelihood of them Joining is less and furthermore on the off chance that somebody from ROSS is excited about Joining Quasi they ought to be welcome as ROSS is a more dangerous business and ought to be taken care of by individuals with self-belief.The Fast from RAJA can be permitted to choose the Quasi choice with certain constraints as it isn't prudent to upset the current framework which is set up and furthermore as we have an enormous pot ential volunteers to draw with this plan from the whorehouses who neither wishes to turn into an autonomous specialist/seller nor like to adhere to their present place of employment profile. The part of applicants from whorehouses shapes the able focuses for Quasi. We can ensure that the above focused up-and-comers Join the Quasi alternative by giving them all the advantages that a full time representative gets and whenever required giving front cash without behaving out a lot of money.The top makers of RAJA and RAJA are not directly for Quasi as it influences these branches. We can ensure that they don't choose Quasi just by cooperating and become more acquainted with first about what they consider such a plan. In the event that a portion of the top makers show intrigue, at that point they can be guided and can help them to remember their commitments in their present job and how they are picked as top makers in the area. We can straightforwardly tell them of what the firm is gettin g ready for the top makers and what is available for their vocation in the present vertical.

Admissions Essay - I Will Not Be Stopped :: Medicine College Admissions Essays

Confirmations Essay -  I Will Not Be Stopped  It is a pre-fall night and I have quite recently returned home from work. I work at a meat pressing plant where I load tractor-trailers. Since my father is for all time crippled because of a coronary episode that happened two years prior, I feel lucky to have the activity. I've been there three years now and have developed massively subsequently.  The folks I work with are run of the mill industrial specialists in that they are ineffectively instructed and lower white collar class. Since I am a yearning doctor, huge numbers of them share their issues and nerves with me. Through numerous connections, I feel that have gotten touchy, merciful and understanding. My activity is very satisfying in light of the fact that men of any age seek me for help and as a good example for their own kids.  I identify with the folks at work so well since I was brought up in a lower white collar class neighborhood and my father was a hands on specialist. A large portion of my local companions are currently jobless, doing physical work, or in a tough situation with the law. I was blessed to have guardians who knew the estimation of instruction and were happy to forfeit to send me to amazing catholic schools. All things considered, this was a defining moment in my life since I was acquainted with another gathering of individuals of various races and distinctive financial foundations. Inevitably, I got mindful of the confinements that my experience forced and I was resolved to survive and far surpass those impediments.  I got keen on medication through my granddad who was an unlicensed veterinarian. He had no conventional instruction and depended entirely on viable experience; all things considered, he was very skillful. I would go with him as a little fellow to treat creatures in our little network. The help my granddad gave and the consequent delight has left an enduring impact on me. Since his passing almost four years prior, I wind up with a significant want to vindicate the instructive deficiencies that so regularly baffled him.  In the mid year of 1983, preceding my school registration, I went to Xavier's Stress On Analytical Reasoning (SOAR) Program. The Program's principle objective was to get ready understudies for school level math and science courses. One of the arbitrators was my cousin who is a Xavier graduate and now a senior at Louisiana State University Medical School.

Cause And Effect Of Climate Change Essay - 1220 Words

Cause and effects of Climate Change. General purpose: to inform. Specific purpose: After hearing my speech my audience will know what climate change is, what causes it and its effects now and in the future. Thesis Statement: Climate change is a very important issue that affects all of us. Organization pattern: Cause and effect. Introduction: I. (Attention-getter): How do you explain that 30 years ago we had a different weather than today? When you look at yourself in a dirty mirror; can you see your image very well? The same occurs when the sun rays reflect on the sea and that reflection can’t be released into the space because gasses in the atmosphere block their exit causing the planet to get warmer. II. Climate change is how the weather has changed in a specific area over a given period of time-usually 30 years. That means that changes in the weather could be variable or extreme depends on the region you are. We are seeing these changes every year as the seasons changing; I.e. Usually we compare the weather of the season this year and the weather of the season from the past year. III. According to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), â€Å"Climate change† encompasses global warming, but refers to the broad range of changes that are happening to our planet. That means the reason of Climate Change is because of global warming that could be produced due to natural processes, such as changes in the Sun’s radiation, volcanoes or internal variability in theShow MoreRelatedCauses And Effects Of Climate Change1706 Words   |  7 PagesDiscuss the causes and effects of climate change. Present any solutions that are relevant to these issues. Probably the most anxious threat to our earth in these two decades is climate change. Climate change refers to any significant change in the measures of climate lasting for an extended period of time. In other saying, climate change includes major changes in temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns, among other effects, that occur over several decades or longer (Epa.gov, 2015). The rateRead MoreClimate Change : Causes And Effects934 Words   |  4 Pages Climate Change Paper Kaitlyn Yinger 4-17-15 Erin Reese Biology 122: 10:30-12:45 Climate Change What really causes climate change? Is it human cause or is a natural process that is happening? I think that us as humans contribute more to climate change then natural causes. Human Causes Humans affect climate change in different ways, three main ways that humans caused climate change is deforestation, greenhouse gases and Agriculture. Deforestation causes change to the landscapeRead MoreThe Causes And Effects Of Climate Change1084 Words   |  5 PagesAs a result of climate change, natural disaster has increased extremely, especially droughts and floods around the world. In the past several years, it can be seen that various news concerned critical climate variability and extreme weather. For instance, the United States Department of Agriculture (2013) pointed out that the US agricultural land suffered from drought about 80 percent in 2012, while BBC (2015) reported that one of four districts in Myanmar, which were warned of flooding caused byRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Climate Change Essay1260 Words   |  6 PagesCommunication 11, Section D23 Informative Speech 14 November 2016 Causes and effects of Climate Change. General purpose: to inform. Specific purpose: After hearing my speech, my audience will know more what climate change is, what causes it and its effects now and in the future. Thesis Statement: Climate change is a very important issue that affects all of us, we need to know more about this issue. Organization pattern: Cause and effect. Introduction: I. (Attention-getter): When you look at yourselfRead MoreThe Causes And Effects Of Climate Change1690 Words   |  7 Pagesdebates about the pros and cons of climate change and what are the causes and effects of climate change. There are those who argue that the rising levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases in our environment are as a direct result of human activities. Some activities that are at the top of the list include but are not limited to the burning of fossil fuels, the cutting down of our forest, these activities are causing significant and increasingly severe climate changes which include global warming. GlobalRead MoreClimate Change : Causes And Effects1113 Words   |  5 Pages Climate Change: Causes and Effects Student’s Name: Institutional Affiliation: Climate Change: Causes and Effects According to Adger (2010), the combined effect of climate change and limitations of resources is serving as a threat to the sustainability of the current social-economic systems and is poised to affect our way of life. Climatic change is more than global warming. The rise in temperatures is but part of the broader changes leading to extreme temperatures, drought, floodingRead MoreClimate Change : Causes And Effects1347 Words   |  6 Pagesdebated topic of climate change. Climate change is no myth; it’s a further analysis of how our planet is suffering the negative effects of human carelessness, which can be observed through the glaciers worldwide. Due to fossil fuel consumption and deforestation, greenhouse gasses are beyond regular amounts and affecting the glaciers, causing them to melt and increase ocean and sea levels. To further understand Climate Change, one must recognize what it is. When people ponder about climate, they thinkRead MoreClimate Change : Causes And Effects1781 Words   |  8 PagesClimate change, either caused by humans, or naturally occurring, is beginning to affect several areas around the world and is causing human environmental insecurity in some already weakened states and regions. Climate change is defined simply as changes in the earth’s weather patterns. Change in climate becomes a security concern, for example, if decreased rainfall equates to decreased crop production in what was once a dependable food source that has now disappeared. The lack of this resourceRead MoreClimate Change : Causes And Effects Essay1856 Words   |  8 PagesClimate change: Climate change is caused mainly by increase of human activity and industrialisation. For example, activities such as driving cars, farming, burning coal and cutting down forests produce greenhouse gases – mainly carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide which are emitted into the atmosphere, which create a layer of greenhouse gases around the earth and trap the sun s heat. The earth over its 4.5 billion-year history has naturally fluctuated from ice ages to extreme droughts, howeverRead MoreClimate Change : Causes, Effects And Solutions1774 Words   |  8 Pageslately on the causes, effects and solutions of global climate change. Nearly every day, scientists and politicians speak about the subject, or we hear about it in the news media. On September 23, 2014, President Obama remarked at a U.N. Climate Change Summit that â€Å"-- there’s one issue that will define the contours of this century more dramatically than any other, and that is the urgent and growing threat of a changing climate† (The White House). The science of climate and climate change involves many

Compartment Syndrome Free Essays

Balancing Change Everyone experiences drastic changes or problems in their lives, and the ones who can react and find solutions to them will most likely end up conquering them. For some, it can take a long time to adjust, while others can come out on top quicker. It was a normal feeling Friday when I woke up on January 26th, 2007, but little did I know this would be the biggest challenge that I have ever had to face. We will write a custom essay sample on Compartment Syndrome or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Ring†¦. ring†¦.. ring,† the school bell rang deafeningly through the gymnasium. It was first period, and the first class on my agenda for the day was my personal favorite, â€Å"P. E. †, short for Physical Education. The class started out with our muscle-loosening stretches, and then moved on to one of my all-time favorite sports, basketball. The sparkling, brand new â€Å"Kobe Bryant 8’s† were a necessity for my feet in order to play. As I was tying the knots to begin, my best friend Ryan Decker glided swiftly into class with his â€Å"Heely’s†, which are shoes made with a wheel incorporated into the sole of the shoe. What did I do, when I first spotted them? I asked him if I could try them on and roll around the gymnasium, because the slick floor provides a perfect surface for rolling around on. As I was rolling around, a basketball rolled in between my feet. I stared at it, and thought about it for a couple seconds. I thought to myself, â€Å"How cool would it be to roll from one side to the other, then shoot a layup right into the basket? † Step by step, glide by glide, I was gaining speed. â€Å"BOOM! † Before I could even comprehend what happened, I glared down at a surging pain that vibrated through my whole body, mainly sourcing from my left ankle. My ankle was completely turned backwards. I frantically yelled out to my instructor, â€Å"MY ANKLE IS BROKEN! † As he sprinted over to the other side of the gymnasium where I was laying in agony, I could see an audience starting to gather. He informed me that the ambulance was on its way and that my mother had been notified. Five minutes later, the ambulance arrived to my side. Before I knew it, I was placed into the ambulance, and I was on my way to seek urgent medical attention. Within four hours, I went through multiple x-rays, took a bunch of ain-killers, and a vibrant green colored cast was placed onto the lower half of my leg. Unfortunately enough, I had suffered a double break through my tibia, which is the second biggest bone in the human body, next to the femur. I thought to myself about all the consequences this would cause and how it would interfere with my everyday life. After a long ride home with my mother, I finally saw my house in the distance; I was home. Wit h my leg still screaming with pain, I wondered why the pain was still so severe, even with the help of the pain killers. I kept on repeating to my parents that I was still in excruciating pain. The pain was so unbearable that I couldn’t keep my mind off of it. This continued on for a couple days, but then something went terribly wrong. I tried to wiggle my toes to see if my movement was still there, but it wasn’t. Over and over again, I kept trying to move them and then I came to realize all of the movement in my foot was gone. I finally communicated to my parents that there was really something bad going on and that I needed to get rushed back to the hospital for a checkup. After impatiently waiting in the waiting room for about an hour, I the doctor finally arrived to escort the family and I to the testing room. Then the worst words, that I will never forget came out of her mouth. â€Å"Robert†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦I made a mistake when I diagnosed you with a broken ankle†¦you have suffered from a condition called compartment syndrome. † â€Å"Compartment syndrome is a limb threatening and life threatening condition, defined as the compression of nerves, blood vessels, and muscle inside a closed space (compartment[-gt;0]) within the body. This leads to tissue death from lack of oxygenation due to the blood vessels being compressed by the raised pressure within the compartment† (PubMed). All of a sudden, the doctor said I needed to be placed into surgery immediately before the condition worsened. I kept thinking about my future in school, sports, and most importantly my health. My education was in path to become a big failure, sports was not going to be a significant part of my life anymore, and hopefully my leg was still going to be attached to my body by the end of this. After a successful surgery of putting in screws through my thick tibia bone, adding new tendons from a cadaver, and fixing it cosmetically, I finally woke up from the anesthesia. Movements with my ankle hurt like hell, but I didn’t even seem to care because I was able to regain movement and at least half of my feeling back. Eight weeks passed by, and I was finally able to start my physical therapy training to try and overcome this beast of an incident. The physical therapist first instructed me to walk down the hallway on about fifty percent of my weight. As I was taking my second step I heard and felt a click in my ankle. The stitches holding my tendons together into place ripped through them like a soft cheese. I again was not able to move any part to my foot and ankle. I was back to square one once again. I was not physically and mentally prepared for something this bad to happen. I was going to have to go under the knife once more to fix this mess of an injury. This same instance of ripping through the cadaver’s tendon in my ankle happened five more times before I was fully healed. But what does fully healed mean? Fully healed to me, meant nothing because of everything I went through to get to this point. No student should have to miss 3 months of school in one school year and have to be strayed from any scholastic activities for that long. No athlete should have to miss a whole season and championship run because of an injury. Lastly no human being should have to worry about their health and their chance of living at the age of fifteen. At the end of this challenge, I had to go through seven surgeries, when really it should’ve only taken about two. Because the doctor never tested my ankle for compartment syndrome, I had to suffer. What did suffering do to me in the long run? It turned me into who I am today. A young man who feels like he can make his was through any adversity, problems, or change. When something bad happens to yourself, you are given two choices: either to react in a manner aiming to better yourself from the situation, or to grieve and stay emotionally broken. Always keep your head up, and never think the worst because it can always get better with the right attitude. I am now right back on track with my education, and the ankle feels better than ever. Never again, will I ever put on another pair of â€Å"Heely’s† in my life. The art of being able to balance change is something that I believe has transformed me into the person I am today and the person I am going to be. Works Cited: Board, A. D. A. M. Editorial. Compartment Syndrome. U. S. National Library of Medicine, 18 Nov. 0000. Web. 09 Oct. 2012. . [-gt;0] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Compartment_(anatomy) How to cite Compartment Syndrome, Papers

The Importance of National Belonging in the Development of Nation States free essay sample

Prior to the late 19th Century Europe consisted of many small states that lacked a sense of unity. The sentiment stirred up in the wake of the French Revolution; the idea of a sovereign people with natural rights and equality appeared attractive to many of these nations. Around this time Europe saw the emergence of Nation States encompassing a people who had a shared history, culture, language, religion and beliefs. How important this sense of national belonging was is something we shall explore by looking at events in such places as Germany, Italy and France. We will decide whether it was patriotism or other factors such as warfare and the rise of industry which had the biggest parts to play on the European stage. Above we have just described the common factors which contribute to making a nation; find one territory with specific boundaries and borders and fill it with these people and you would in theory have made a nation state. However the idea of national belonging is not quite so black and white, nor so easy an idea to prove. Ernest Renan, a noted theologian seemed to realise that rules about having a shared language or shared religion were simply not realistic when taking into account minority communities and religious toleration. Instead Renan makes allowances that in some areas factors such as these would be contributory but actually in his words ‘A nation is therefore a vast solidarity, constituted by the feeling of sacrifice one has made in the past and of those that one is prepared to make in the future. Renan continues stating that it is ‘the clearly expressed desire to pursue a common life. ’ This swing towards nationalism was sparked in part by the cultural movement which followed the Enlightenment period and was known as Romanticism. An era when poetry, music and art were increasingly used to influence the nation, the movement supported ideas such as the importance of national pride giving precedence to ‘senses and emotion over reason and intellect. German artist Caspar David Friedrich captured this sentiment in his painting The Oak Tree in Snow which depicted a barren tree with new life springing from the roots symbolising a lost past with the promise of future new growth. This was particularly poignant as the Oak Tree was a symbol for German national sentiment. Similarly in Italy the poet Ugo Foscolo wrote ‘How thou art humiliated by foreigners who have the presumption to seek to master thee! But who can depict thee better than he who is destined to see hy beauty all his life long? ’ Foscolo’s argued that tourists could not appreciate the greatness of his country, only those who could share in its history can take possession of the pride that accompanies the honour of being Italian. These two examples are interesting because at the time of their publication no Germany or Italy as we know them today yet existed so this at least proves that in the minds of those living by Romanticism values at least thought that national sentiment was desperately important. In addition to the evidence of Romanticism championing the unification cause Germany and Italy shared some other similarities. Firstly, and perhaps most obviously we can tell from studying a ‘before and after’ map. In 1815 Italy was a collection of many smaller states some of which we know were controlled by the Austrian empire and Germany is a jigsaw of German speaking states. However by 1914 clear boundaries had been drawn and both territories are much more obviously defined. Also both countries contained several nationalist activist groups, some public, some as secret societies who all had the same aim of achieving unity but for different reasons and with variations on the end result. In Italy the strength of opinion was such that some organisations were willing to use violence such as in the case of the Carbonari group who proclaimed ‘He alone is worthy of life who loves his country’. Revolutionary group Young Italy was also key in generating public support for the Risorgimento (Resurrection) nationalists. Germany also contained these pressure groups and parties from both countries took part in the rebellions of 1848 and while both had some success, yet another similarity is that both were eventually beaten back in Italy by Austrian intervention and in Germany by the Prussian King Frederick William IV. The revolutions swept across much of Europe leaving thousands dead in the name of unification. This however does not necessarily mean that it was patriotism or an unqualified sense of national belonging that drove them. Other considerations included for businessmen policies for reviving trade, students were concerned about poor job prospects and a lack of social status and peasants wanted an end to the last vestiges remaining of the medieval feudal system. For the peasants at least it is most likely this was their sole motivation as the concept of nationalism would have meant little to them in their daily struggle to feed and clothe their families. Both Germany and Italy appeared to be committed to unification and key figures helped to bring this about. In Germany Gottfried Herder significantly influenced public opinion with his philosophical ideas about human nature. Herder placed huge importance on national language ‘Has a people anything dearer than the speech of its fathers? ’ He goes on to say that the culture of a people ‘thrives only by means of the nation’s inherited and inheritable dialect. ’ This idea is so fundamental to Herder’s beliefs that he says ‘no greater injury can be inflicted on a nation than to be robbed of her national character, the peculiarity of her spirit and her language’. Herder however gives little consequence to the political aspects and it is possible therefore that the changes which inevitably took place in Germany were not due to his romanticism based contributions but this does tell us how strongly he felt about the importance of national sentiment. In Italy it was figures such as Count Camillo di Cavour who propelled the unification forward but his motives were much different from that of Herder. Cavour conspired with Napoleon III of France against the Austrians which resulted in several territories becoming part of Sardinia where Cavour happened to be Prime Minister. Giuseppe Garibaldi was a respected military commander throughout this period of war whose notable success was motivated by his vision of a united Italy. Unification of both countries was hardly plain sailing and problems arose for various reasons. Italy perhaps suffered because the reason for the unification had been more political than sentimental. Massimo d’Azeglio, a pro nationalist is believed to have said ‘We have made Italy, now we have to make Italians. ’ The death of Camillo di Cavour regardless of his motives was described as ‘the architect of national unity’ and his death in 1861 was a definitive blow to the cause. Germany’s problems centralized around regional rivalries with people confused as to whether they first belonged to their region or their country, this was certainly the case with some Bavarians. It has commonly been supposed that all of the events leading to unification of countries such as Germany and Italy and the revolutions that shook Europe were triggered in France by the revolution of 1789-1799 as can be seen in this statement; ‘The French Revolution completed the nation which became one and indivisible’. Many in France had sought an end to an absolute monarchy and what was deemed an autocratic domination by the French government. Instead they hoped for a shift towards modernity where all men would be equal under the law and have no special privileges simply because one happened to be born aristocratic or have an elitist position in society. The end of feudalism and the ‘ancien’ (old) regime gave way to new ideas summarised once more by Ernest Renan ‘It is France’s glory to have proclaimed, through the French Revolution, that a nation exists by itself The principle of nationhood is ours’. It would be reasonable then to suppose that France had enjoyed great success in providing a patriotic example that other countries hoped to follow and yet once again we find resistance and also some contradictions. While some supported unity for political reasons such as in the case of the Leon Gambetta, a French statesman who supported republicanism, he said in a letter to the leader of the Breton armed forces in 1870 ‘I beg you to forget that you are Bretons, and to remember only that you are French. While a novelist later in 1884 remarked ‘the word patrie signifies nothing and stirs nothing. It exists no more in local speech than in local hearts. ’ It is hard to assimilate all the opinions and motivations for why the French either supported or rejected the idea of national belonging but it does seem that the more urbanised areas, under the direction of intellectuals, students and politicians for their own agendas were more in favour of being ‘Frenchmen’ than those who resided in more isolated, rural communities occupied mostly by peasant farmers who wanted peace not war. Peasant farmers in particular were to suffer greatly when we consider how the rise of industry commonly termed as the industrial revolution were to affect national feelings. While the ending of feudalism had allowed some peasantry to buy small patches of land, for others, some who were affected by the enclosure laws could find themselves as landless labourers unable to grow their food or gather fuel from common land. In Britain the Chartism movement of 1839 sought to represent all workers who found themselves in a piteous position uniting opinion against social injustice. We are bowed down under a load of taxes our traders are trembling on the verge of bankruptcy, our workmen are starving, capital brings no profit and labour no remuneration. ’ Chartists and their Parisian counter parts the Artisans identified themselves as socialists. Obviously this was a time of great economic change and awareness of class distinctions at the time of the industrial boom was growing. Karl Marx was a German radical whose notion of Socialism was closely linked to that of Communism which he and his colleague Frederick Engels was active in promoting. Marx was particularly concerned about the struggle of society with relevance to these class distinctions. He highlighted in his ‘The Communist Manifesto’ ‘The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles’ Marx states that the working class (proletariat) and the new middle class (bourgeoisie) are fighting these ‘class struggles’ over the means of production. He claims that the bourgeoisie exploits the proletariat and was motivated by ‘naked self-interest. He goes on to say however that the lower bourgeoisie class will also suffer as the higher middle class overtake them too. ‘Partly because their diminutive capital does not suffice for the scale on which modern industry is carried on their specialised skill is rendered worthless by new methods of production. ’ Marx’s conclusion being that eventually the middle classes and the working class would find themselves in much the same situation and have more in common. This therefore was the significant factor pointing towards nationalism and not the sense of national belonging or sentiment itself. Having considered the factors which were successful in bringing about unification it appears that political reasons had the greater impact. Cavour enjoyed success in Italy through negotiations which involved war and gaining new territory. Herder in Germany relied on sentimental and romanticism theories but Germany encountered difficulties in rallying the nation who were confused about their regional or national identity. Educated French sectors of society were enthusiastic but failed to significantly influence the peasantry while radicals like Marx renounced any importance of the idea of national belonging. Still it is impossible to ignore that there were many individuals such as Foscolo, Friedrich and Garibaldi who shared a united vision of a united country but it is unlikely that their sense of national belonging was the major significant factor in the development of nation states.

Impact of Teratogens on Development

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Teratogens on Development. Answer: Introduction Teratogens refer to any given exposures which lead to harm to any foetuses and even to babies still undergoing breastfeeding. Therefore, teratogens can include alcohol, prescribed and non-prescribed medications, vaccines, different illnesses, illegal drugs, exposures from the environment, and even autoimmune disorders within the mother (Xing et al, 2015). Teratogens can cross the mothers placenta and lead to effects on the foetus including congenital malformations, several disease conditions, cognitive malfunctions and even foetal death. Therefore, it is very important for mothers to stay away from these teratogens so as ensure that their babies can be protected from their harmful effects. Each woman is at a 3-5% risk of bearing with any given birth defect (Hart, 2014). Studies indicate that some teratogens as those listed above increase this particular risk depending on the time of pregnancy that the woman is exposed, the dose levels of the exposure, and even the particular exposure route (Odibo Krantz, 2016). Clinical researches on teratogens indicate that approximately 25% of all pregnancies mostly end up in miscarriage. However, the risk of having a miscarriage drops from 25% to 10% in the eighth week of pregnancy. Even so, several teratogens increase this particular risk (Xing et al, 2015). This depends only depends on the type and/or the amount of the exposure, and also the time of the pregnancy. It is very obvious that teratogens will always be within the environment. Even so, they cannot be a threat to the unborn babies if only mothers understand what they are and gets rid of each of them (Nazeer et al, 2015). This discussion will present different effects of teratogens on unborn babies according to different researches focused on this particular area of studies. Congenital Malformations Abnormal embryo development including congenital malformations leading to birth defects is studied under an area known as teratology. The anatomical and/or structural abnormalities present in babies at birth but can still remain undetected until later in ones life. Malformations due to teratogens can be visible on the body surface and even on the internal viscera of affected babies (Odibo Krantz, 2016). Congenital malformations are believed to contribute to about 20% of all deaths during the perinatal period. About 3% of all new-born infants have very major malformations while another 3% will most likely be diagnosed with malformations later in their lives. Congenital malformations can be caused by different factors and these include; genetic factors due to abnormalities in chromosomes and gene defects; factors in the environment such as drugs, infectious disease, mechanical forces and toxins; and further, multifactorial disease condition. These malformations can be single or multiple in a baby and therefore have a major and/or minor clinical significance. It is indicated in several studies that minor malformations present in about 14% new-borns worldwide (Odibo Krantz, 2016). Minor malformations have little clinical consequences and include features like simian creases and ear tags. However, particular minor malformations can suggest that there is a possibility of a baby developing a major malformation. Finding a single umbilical artery for example, suggests that there is a high likelihood of congenital heart problems in the given child. The higher the number of malformations in both born and unborn babies the higher the possibility of a major related malformation. Apparently, the higher the number of very major malformations in foetuses, the higher the possibility of a miscarriage and a shortened individual life span. Alcohol Effects Birth defects and miscarriage risk varies among pregnant women depending on the alcohol amounts that they consume individually. It is indicated that between small and moderate alcohol amounts like say 2-4 frequent drinks result to a condition known as Fetal Alcohol Effect (Myra et al, 2016). This effect increases miscarriage risk levels among pregnant women, delays in fetal development and a hyperactive fetus. On the other hand heavy alcohol users who take between 5 and 6 frequent drinks result to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. This syndrome according to the journal by Myra et al (2016), increases the miscarriage risk even more, leading to a micro-cephalous condition where a baby has; a head that is small in size with facial deformations, small eyes, nose, nails, abnormalities on the ears, heart defects, difficulties in learning, problems in behavior, mental retardation among others (Hart, 2014). Therefore, alcohol remains the commonest teratogen that affects fetuses. As the mother drinks a lcohol, she passes on to the unborn baby. This is why babies that are born from such mothers present with symptoms that relate to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (Faure et al, 2016). They are in most cases mentally challenged, impaired cognitively apart from other physical deformities. These children also find difficulty in communicating with people and usually present with a low and/or poor attention span. Such babies find it difficult functioning properly in any given society and therefore need a constant attention by their primary caregivers. Cigarette Smoking Cigarette smoking is another type of common teratogens. Women who smoke more than others have a higher risk of miscarriages. Cigarette smoking contributes to stillbirth where babies are born when they are already dead (Szatkowski, McNeill, 2014). Others are born with below average weight while others are born prematurely. Research indicates that due to delicate handling in incubators for babies born prematurely, there is a high mortality possibility especially in developing countries where there is poor medical infrastructure. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) also results from cigarette smoking among pregnant mothers(Nevenka Nikola, 2014). It is a condition where the effects of the teratogen lead to a sudden death of infants born to smoker mothers. Just like other teratogens, cigarette smoking also leads to; delays in the development of the fetus, a 1% risk of cleft palate where a baby is born with a hole at the roof of its mouth, and further a failure to thrive for among infant s (Szatkowski, McNeill, 2014). It is estimated that smoking above cigarette packs each day among pregnant mothers puts them in a group of those with increased risk of its effects. It is even advised that no one should be allowed to smoke in areas where there are newborns and/or young infants. Direct contact with tobacco smoke and second-hand smoke contact affects a mothers placenta and with extension, the embryo. This thus leads to developmental issues to the placenta resulting in foetal problems. Accutane refers to a retinoic acid which is administered as pill for the treatment of severe acne. This particular medication is very dangerous to pregnant mothers because between 25 and 38% infants exposed to it during the first trimester eventually exhibit a number of abnormalities(Mburia-Mwalili Yang, 2015). These include; developing hydrocephalus condition where the fetus has excess fluid in its brain, defects in the brain, retarded brain development, abnormalities on the ears and face (Hart, 2014). Other effects of Accutane use among pregnant mothers include abnormalities on the heart and the limbs; and chronic lesions on the skin. Even further, there is an increase in the risk of miscarriages, cleft lip and/or palate in babies. Pregnant mothers are often exposed to different antibiotics which are mostly safe in nature. However, there are documented exceptions. For example, antibiotics such as aminoglycosides which are used in the treatment of severe infections pose a 2% increase in the risk of hearing impairment among babies born to these mothers (Bastow Holmes, 2016). Other antibiotics such as Tetracycline and Doxycycline are capable of causing yellow-brown stains on the teeth of the unborn babies when taken up between the 4th an 9th pregnancy month. The latter two antibiotics if used during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy can result to a decreased growth rate of bones of the fetus (Mburia-Mwalili Yang, 2015). They should also not be used especially when mothers are breastfeeding. The Varicella Virus which causes chicken pox is also among the most dreaded teratogen. It is a common air borne disease which can spread very easily from an infected person to a healthy person (Bastow Holmes, 2016). Despite the short term effect of the Virus on adults, it is very dangerous to unborn babies. This is because it leads to mental retardation, small-head head condition and a low birth weight. Antidepressants have been associated with causing approximately 1% increase in the risk of learning difficulties. They also result into mild and moderate withdrawal symptoms after birth. This effect is however temporary and usually the baby tends to be unexpectedly irritable, present with problems when feeding, and proves difficult to sooth (Faure et al, 2016). Antidepressants also lead to premature delivery despite the fact that their benefits to a pregnant mother outweigh the different risks posed to the fetus. This is because research in maternal and child healthcare show that stress among pregnant mothers pose many problems to the unborn baby. There is further documentation that post-partum depression among mothers can even be worse and therefore the need to prescribe some anti-depressants. Radiations and Heavy Metals Ionizing radiations are capable of injuring the developing embryo as it causes cell death and/or injury to chromosomes. However, the severity of the damage to foetus/embryo is determined by the amount of the dose absorbed. The stage of foetal development at when the exposure to radiations occurs is also important (Faure et al, 2016). A study done among the survivors of the atomic bomb in Japan indicated that an exposure of between 10 and 18 weeks of a pregnancy associated with the greatest sensitivity particularly for a developing brain (Nazeer et al, 2015). Today, there is still no proof that congenital malformations in humans are caused by the normal diagnostic radiation levels (Backes et al, 2013). Even so, efforts are continually made to reduce scattered radiation from the different clinical diagnostic procedures including x-rays which are not near a womans. It is indicated that the standard radiation dose used in diagnostic x-ray gives out a very minimal risk to a developing foe tus. Despite that, all women within the childbearing age must be asked to indicate whether they are carrying a pregnancy before being exposed to radiation. Teratogen heavy metals include Lead and Mercury, which are both also carcinogenic in nature. Exposing mothers to lead to pregnant mothers bring about babies being born with disorders which are mental and cognitive in nature (Nazeer et al, 2015). Lead exposure can be acquired from Lead based paints, jewellery cleaning solutions, metals, Lead toys and batteries. Mercury on the other hand comprises of the most dreaded substance with proven drastic impact on the fetus (Nevenka Nikola, 2014). Those mothers exposed to the harmful substance usually have babies that are born presenting with serious anomalies including; physical abnormalities, mental malfunctions and fetal death. Sources of Mercury exposure include touching broken thermometers and fluorescent lamps (Linnard-Palmer, 2016). Foods such like the Tuna and swordfishes also contain minimal levels of Mercury and should not be consumed by pregnant mothers. Thalidomide, a common but yet effective tranquilizer, still remains one of the common teratogens. Thalidomide agent as a tranquilizer was used widely in 1959 particularly in Europe and resulted to about 7000 babies being born with condition referred to as thalidomide syndrome/meromelia (Nevenka Nikola, 2014). The syndrome presented with characteristic features such as limb abnormalities which ranged from the absence of limbs to development of rudimentary limbs to limbs that were abnormally shortened. Further, thalidomide as described by Hart (2014), leads to malformations of more other body organs such as; internal/external ear absence and congenital heart disease. In conclusion therefore, the discussion above highlights the different effects of identified teratogens in the environment to the unborn baby. The discussion defines each teratogen and generally shows that all of them can easily be found in a lot of things that pregnant mothers interact with every day. They are thus drugs, chemicals or infections that may lead abnormalities on the embryo. Each teratogen including alcohol, tobacco, ironizing radiations, chicken pox among others discussed has its own effect on a pregnant mother and the baby during and after pregnancy. Even so it is clear that a number of the teratogens discussed effect the unborn embryo during particular times of a womans pregnancy. There is thus a need to prevent teratogens as they have been proven to be difficult to predict and even manage those that could the largest damage to the embryo. References Thall Bastow BD, Holmes JL (23 February 2016). "Teratology and drug use during pregnancy". Medscape. WebMD. Backes, CH; Nelin, T; Gorr, MW; Wold, LE (Jan 10, 2013). "Early life exposure to air pollution: how bad is it?". Toxicology letters. 216 (1): 4753. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.11.007. D, S., B, M., Nazeer, S., Manivannan, G. (2015). 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